Browse practical legal guides on negotiable instruments, corporate responsibilities, company shares and intellectual property. These articles include references to the principal Indian statutory provisions and explain where older legislation has been replaced.
Under sections 82 and 92 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, discharge may arise through cancellation, release, payment in due course and other legally recognised circumstances.
Section 141 addresses offences by companies in relation to cheque dishonour under section 138, including responsibility of persons in charge of the company, subject to statutory requirements and judicial interpretation.
The Companies Act, 2013 now governs sweat equity shares principally through section 54, read with applicable rules and, for listed companies, SEBI regulations. Section 79A belonged to the repealed Companies Act, 1956.
Directors and employees have distinct legal responsibilities. The corporate veil may be lifted in exceptional circumstances, depending on the statute, evidence and judicial findings.
The Copyright Act, 1957 protects computer programs as literary works. Sections 14 and 51 address exclusive rights and infringement; section 63B concerns knowing use of infringing computer-program copies.